A treatment regimen to raise urinary pH to 6.5–7.5. Slow and prolonged alkalinization (e.g., by consuming a diet rich in fruits and vegetables or using supplemental potassium citrate) is used to prevent recurrence of calcium oxalate, uric acid, and cystine stones. Rapid alkalinization of urine is achieved by administering IV sodium bicarbonate to enhance toxin excretion in cases of poisoning (e.g., salicylate toxicity).